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Founded in 1876, Texas A&M University is a U.S. public and comprehensive university offering a wide variety of academic programs far beyond its original label of agricultural and mechanical trainings. It is one of the few institutions holding triple federal designations as a land-, sea- and ...
The German national research center for polar and marine research. The Institute was founded in 1980 and named after the geophysicist and polar researcher Alfred Wegener. The mandate of the AWI includes fundamental scientific research in the polar regions, national coordination of polar research projects, and logistic support of polar expeditions from other German institutes. The Institute uses the RV Polarstern to perform research at sea.
Industry:Earth science
In atmospheric radiative transfer, a discrete frequency at which an energy transition of an atmospheric gas occurs due to the absorption of incident solar radiation. The line width depends on broadening processes, the most important of which are natural, pressure (also known as collision), and Doppler broadening.
Industry:Earth science
In radiation transfer, the fraction of incoming radiation that is absorbed by a medium. The sum of this, the transmittance, and the reflectance must equal unity.
Industry:Earth science
A meandering current flowing westward and then northward along the Turkish coast and the southeastern coast of Rhodes. It borders the northwest part of the Rhodes gyre, and originates as part of the mid-Mediterranean jet branching to the north. There is a major branch in the AMC in the region of the Rhodes and Karpathos Straits. Both branches intrude into the south Aegean Sea and meander in the northeastern Cretan Sea as a continuation of the AMC. The branches carry warm and saline Levantine waters within the upper 300-400 dbar layer.
Industry:Earth science
A NOAA research initiative for understanding the decadal-scale interactions of deep circulation in the Atlantic and how it influences the overlying atmosphere. The goals of ACCP are:
* to determine the seasonal-to-decadal and multidecadal variability in the climate system due to interactions between the Atlantic Ocean, sea ice, and the global atmosphere using observed data, proxy data, and numerical models;
* to develop and utilize coupled ocean-atmosphere models to examine seasonal- to-decadal climate variability in and around the Atlantic basin, and to determine the predictability of the Atlantic climate system on seasonal-to- decadal timescales;
* to observe, describe, and model the space-time variability of the large- scale circulation of the Atlantic Ocean and determine its relation to the variability of the sea ice and sea surface temperature and salinity in the Atlantic on seasonal, decadal, and multidecadal timescales; and
* to provide the necessary scientific background to design an observing system of the large-scale Atlantic Ocean circulation pattern, and develop a suitable Atlantic Ocean model in which the appropriate data can be assimilated to help define the mechanisms responsible for the fluctuations in Atlantic Ocean circulation.
Industry:Earth science
The proportion of incident radiation reflected by a surface. About 30% of the incoming solar energy is reflected back to space from the earth, of which 25% is reflected by clouds and 5% by the surface or by atmospheric molecules or suspended particles. The clouds and atmospheric gases and particles absorb 25% of the incident radiation with the remainder absorbed at the surface.
Industry:Earth science
Abbreviation for Amazone Shelf Sediment Study, an international field program designed to investigate the transport of fresh water and suspended sediment from the Amazon River into the Atlantic.
Industry:Earth science
(1916-2001) Co-creator of the Stommel-Arons theory of deep circulation.
Industry:Earth science
A water mass found at intermediate depths in the arctic domain in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is identified by a temperature minimum at a depth of about 75 to 150 m as well as temperature and salinity maximums at depths ranging from about 250 to 400 m, with the extremes being the product of winter cooling and sinking in the arctic domain. It is useful to separate this water mass into lower and upper AIW.
The lower AIW contains the temperature and salinity maximums but generally not the temperature minimum, with temperatures ranging from 0 to 3° C and salinities greater than 34. 9, with the maximums clear signs that this water mass is produced by the cooling and sinking of Atlantic Water (AW). The upper AIW is defined as including the denser portion of the water associated with the temperature minimum, including much of the water column from the minimum up to the temperature maximum. It is characterized by temperatures less than 2° C in the salinity range 34. 7 to 34. 9 (with a lower limit of 34. 6 suggested by some).
The definitions for upper and lower AIW deliberately overlap in density, with upper AIW in the Iceland Sea having a temperature of 0° C, S = 34. 88 and σ''t''= 28. 03 as opposed to a portion of the lower AIW in the northern Greenland Sea having T = 3° C, S = 35. 05, and σ''t''= 27. 95. This is only true of the northeastern Greenland Sea, however. Elsewhere, upper AIW always overlies lower AIW.
Industry:Earth science
An atmospheric pressure distribution in which there is a high central pressure relative to the surroundings. This term was selected to imply the possession of characteristics opposite to those found in a cyclone or depression. As such, the circulation about the center of an anticyclone is clockwise (counter-clockwise) in the northern (southern) hemisphere, and the weather is generally quiet and settled.
Industry:Earth science
