- 産業: Oil & gas
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A type of compound containing hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a symmetrical 6-carbon ring structure with single (C-C) and double (C=C) bonds alternating around the ring. Rings are single, multiple or fused and can have other chemical groups attached in place of hydrogen. Benzene, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> is the simplest single-ring aromatic, napthalene, C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>, the simplest fused-ring aromatic and toluene is the simplest aromatic, having an alkyl side chain, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>. Xylene, a common oilfield chemical, has two methyl side chains, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub> and is used in the aniline point test. Aromatic hydrocarbons in oils used to prepare oil-base mud can damage elastomers and increase the toxicity of the fluid. The aniline point test is used for screening oils to infer aromatic content.
Industry:Oil & gas
A two-parameter rheological model widely used in the drilling fluids industry to describe flow characteristics of many types of muds. It can be described mathematically as follows: <br><center><img src="files/ShearRate. Gif" alt="ShearRate1" border="0" vspace="8" /></center><br>Fluids obeying this model are called Bingham plastic fluids and exhibit a linear shear-stress, shear-rate behavior after an initial shear stress threshold has been reached. Plastic viscosity (PV) is the slope of the line and yield point (YP) is the threshold stress. PV should be as low as possible for fast drilling and is best achieved by minimizing colloidal solids. YP must be high enough to carry cuttings out of the hole, but not so large as to create excessive pump pressure when starting mud flow. YP is adjusted by judicious choices of mud treatments. The direct-indicating rotational rheometer was specifically designed to apply the Bingham plastic fluid model.
Industry:Oil & gas
A treating chemical that is added to a drilling mud or other fluid to react with a contaminant to change the contaminant to a less harmful compound. If a contaminant is harmful at very low concentration, a scavenger must be able to remove the contaminant to an even lower concentration to ensure safety.
Industry:Oil & gas
A trade association founded in 1919 with offices in Washington, DC, USA. The API is sponsored by the oil and gas industry and is recognized worldwide. Among its long-term endeavors is the development of standardized testing procedures for drilling equipment, drilling fluids and cements, called API Recommended Practices ("RPs"). The API licenses the use of its monogram (logo), monitors supplier quality assurance methods and sets minimum standards for materials used in drilling and completion operations, called API Specifications ("Specs"). The API works in conjunction with the International Organization of Standards (ISO). <br><br>Note: "API Publications, Programs and Services Catalogue" can be ordered from the API in electronic form at: http://www. Api. Org. <br><br>Reference:<br> Recommended Practice on the Rheology and Hydraulics of Oil-Well Drilling Fluids, 3rd ed. Washington, DC, USA: American Petroleum Institute, 1995. <br>Recommended Practice Standard Procedure for Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids, 5th ed. Washington, DC, USA: American Petroleum Institute, 1995.
Industry:Oil & gas
A tool designed to drill directionally with continuous rotation from the surface, eliminating the need to slide a steerable motor. <br><br>Rotary steerable systems typically are deployed when drilling directional, horizontal, or extended-reach wells. State-of-the-art rotary steerable systems have minimal interaction with the borehole, thereby preserving borehole quality. The most advanced systems exert consistent side force similar to traditional stabilizers that rotate with the drillstring or orient the bit in the desired direction while continuously rotating at the same number of rotations per minute as the drillstring. <br><br>
Industry:Oil & gas
A tool that grinds metal downhole. A mill is usually used to remove junk in the hole or to grind away all or part of a casing string. In the case of junk, the metal must be broken into smaller pieces to facilitate removal from the wellbore so that drilling can continue. When milling casing, the intent is to cut a window through the side of the casing or to remove a continuous section of the casing so that the wellbore may be deviated from the original well through the window or section removed. Depending on the type of grinding or metal removal required, the shape of the cutting structures of mills varies. Virtually all mills, however, utilize tungsten carbine cutting surfaces.
Industry:Oil & gas
A tool run into the wellbore to retrieve junk from the bottom of the hole.
Industry:Oil & gas
A tool for drilling rock that works by scraping industrial grade diamonds against the bottom of the hole. The diamonds are embedded into the metal structure (usually a sintered or powdered carbide base matrix) during the manufacture of the bit. The bit designer has virtually unlimited combinations of bit shape, the placement of hydraulic jetting ports, the amount of diamonds and the size of the diamonds used (usually expressed as diamonds per carat). In general, a diamond bit that drills faster has a shorter lifetime. Similarly, a bit designed for extremely long life will typically drill at a slower rate. If a bit has a relatively high number of diamonds compared with other bits, it is said to be "heavy-set" and has higher durability. A "light-set" bit, on the other hand, drills more aggressively, but wears out faster because fewer diamonds do the work.
Industry:Oil & gas
A tool designed to crush rock efficiently while incurring a minimal amount of wear on the cutting surfaces. Invented by Howard Hughes, the roller-cone bit has conical cutters or cones that have spiked teeth around them. As the drillstring is rotated, the bit cones roll along the bottom of the hole in a circle. As they roll, new teeth come in contact with the bottom of the hole, crushing the rock immediately below and around the bit tooth. As the cone rolls, the tooth then lifts off the bottom of the hole and a high-velocity fluid jet strikes the crushed rock chips to remove them from the bottom of the hole and up the annulus. As this occurs, another tooth makes contact with the bottom of the hole and creates new rock chips. Thus, the process of chipping the rock and removing the small rock chips with the fluid jets is continuous. The teeth intermesh on the cones, which helps clean the cones and enables larger teeth to be used. There are two main types of roller-cone bits, steel milled-tooth bits and carbide insert bits.
Industry:Oil & gas
A thinning agent used to reduce viscosity or prevent flocculation; incorrectly called a "dispersant. " Most deflocculants are low-molecular weight anionic polymers that neutralize positive charges on clay edges. Examples include polyphosphates, lignosulfonates, quebracho and various water-soluble synthetic polymers.
Industry:Oil & gas
