- 産業: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
A device installed at the bottom of a well to increase the temperature of the fluid coming from the reservoir. Bottomhole heaters are used in low API gravity crude oils to reduce the fluid viscosity, thus reducing the high friction forces normally associated with these types of fluids.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device installed in a pump manifold or treating line to measure the fluid flow rate. Flowmeters can be used to measure the flow rates of liquid or gas and are available in various configurations and with differing operating principles.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device installed on a mixing or pumping system manifold to measure the density of fluids. The density of fluids pumped into a well is frequently a key operating parameter, requiring constant monitoring and control. This is especially true when mixing slurries and transport fluids for solids, such as fracturing or gravel-pack fluids.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device made of rubber or polyurethane that has electronic devices. An instrumented pig is run through a pipeline to record irregularities that could represent corrosion. An instrumented pig is also called a smart pig.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device incorporating an orifice that is used to control fluid flow rate or downstream system pressure. Chokes are available in several configurations for both fixed and adjustable modes of operation. Adjustable chokes enable the fluid flow and pressure parameters to be changed to suit process or production requirements. Fixed chokes do not provide this flexibility, although they are more resistant to erosion under prolonged operation or production of abrasive fluids.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device for transforming electrical energy into sound, or vice versa. In sonic logging applications, acoustic transducers are usually made of piezoelectric ceramic or magnetostrictive materials, and may be used as either receivers or transmitters in a frequency range between about 1 and 30 kHz. The transducers are excited as either monopoles, emitting or receiving sound in all directions, or dipoles, emitting or receiving in one plane. In ultrasonic logging applications, acoustic transducers are made of piezoelectric ceramic materials, and often are used in alternating transmitter/receiver (pulse-echo) mode, in a frequency range from a few hundred kilohertz to a few megahertz.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device for producing high-energy neutrons by using a charged particle accelerator. Neutron generators are used in various pulsed neutron devices and some neutron porosity measurements. In a typical device, deuterium (<sup>2</sup>D) and tritium (<sup>3</sup>T) ions are accelerated towards a target also containing the same isotopes. When <sup>2</sup>D and <sup>3</sup>T collide, they react to produce a neutron with an energy of about 14. 1 MeV. The first neutron generators were built in the late 1950s and soon led to the first pulsed neutron capture log.
Industry:Oil & gas
A device for measuring the number and energy of gamma rays. The device consists of a crystal and a photomultiplier. In the crystal, an incident gamma ray imparts energy to electrons through Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption and pair production. The electrons excite the detector crystal lattice. Crystal de-excitation emits visible or near-visible light, the scintillation, which is detected by the photomultiplier and transformed into an electrical pulse. The frequency and amplitude of the electric pulse are related to the number of gamma rays and their respective energy levels, and are recorded in a log. Scintillation detectors are used in all natural gamma ray, induced gamma ray and density logging devices.
Industry:Oil & gas
A chemical treatment used to control or prevent scale deposition in the production conduit or completion system. Scale-inhibitor chemicals may be continuously injected through a downhole injection point in the completion, or periodic squeeze treatments may be undertaken to place the inhibitor in the reservoir matrix for subsequent commingling with produced fluids. <br><br>Some scale-inhibitor systems integrate scale inhibitors and fracture treatments into one step, which guarantees that the entire well is treated with scale inhibitor. In this type of treatment, a high-efficiency scale inhibitor is pumped into the matrix surrounding the fracture face during leakoff. It adsorbs to the matrix during pumping until the fracture begins to produce water. As water passes through the inhibitor-adsorbed zone, it dissolves sufficient inhibitor to prevent scale deposition. The inhibitor is better placed than in a conventional scale-inhibitor squeeze, which reduces the retreatment cost and improves production.
Industry:Oil & gas
A cylindrical or spherical vessel used to separate oil, gas and water from the total fluid stream produced by a well. Separators can be either horizontal or vertical. <br><br>Separators can be classified into two-phase and three-phase separators (commonly called free-water knockout). The two-phase type deals only with oil and gas, while the three-phase type handles oil, water and gas. Additionally, separators can be categorized according to their operating pressure. Low-pressure units handle pressures of 10 to 180 psi (69 to 1241 kPa). Medium-pressure separators operate from 230 to 700 psi (1586 to 4826 kPa). High-pressure units handle pressures of 975 to 1500 psi (6722 to 10,342 kPa). <br><br>Gravity segregation is the main force that accomplishes the separation, which means the heaviest fluid settles to the bottom and the lightest fluid rises to the top. Additionally, inside the vessel, the degree of separation between gas and liquid will depend on the separator operating pressure, the residence time of the fluid mixture and the type of flow of the fluid. Turbulent flow allows more bubbles to escape than laminar flow.
Industry:Oil & gas
