- 産業: Oil & gas
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A profiled completion component designed to accept a mating component equipped with a seal assembly. Completions are designed with seal receptacles to enable the production string to be removed without removing the packer or permanent completion components.
Industry:Oil & gas
A projection of data from the apex of a cone in a three-dimensional plot onto a surface at the base of the cone. This projection often is performed in log analysis to remove a dimension and see what a data point would read in the absence of that dimension. For example, removal of shale effects in a plot of neutron, density and gamma ray data helps determine the mineralogy of a sample where the apex of the cone would represent the shale point in the plot. <br>The M-N plot is a plot in which the fluid has been removed by conical projection from the neutron, density and sonic data to provide a porosity-independent plot that can be used to determine lithology.
Industry:Oil & gas
A property of semivariogram models. Any linear combination of admissible models with positive coefficients can be nested or added together. Generally, single models are used for modeling experimental semivariograms that are close in shape to one of the basic admissible models, or for the approximate fitting of complex structural functions. Nested models are used to better fit complex structural functions. <br><br>Reference:<br><br>Olea RA: "Fundamentals of Semivariogram Estimation, Modeling, and Usage," in Yarus JM and Chambers RL (eds): 鈥淪tochastic Modeling and Geostatistics,鈥?AAPG Computer Applications in Geology, no. 3. AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 1994.
Industry:Oil & gas
A producing well with oil as its primary commercial product. Oil wells almost always produce some gas and frequently produce water. Most oil wells eventually produce mostly gas or water.
Industry:Oil & gas
A processing technique to project formation shear data recorded in any two orthogonal directions into the fast and slow shear directions in the presence of shear-wave anisotropy. In the sonic logging application, a dipole transmitter excites a flexural mode that is recorded at one set of receivers that is in-line with the dipole and other receivers that are 90<sup>0</sup> out of line (the cross-dipole component). A similar recording is made of the wave from a second dipole transmitter, mounted orthogonally to the first. The flexural-wave velocity is closely related to the formation shear velocity, particularly at low frequencies and in hard formations. Using all four waveforms, the Alford rotation is used to determine the speed and direction of the fast and the slow shear wave. <br><br>Reference: Shear Data in the Presence of Azimuthal Anisotropy: Dilley, Texas, Expanded Abstracts, 56th SEG Annual International Meeting and Exposition, Houston, Texas, USA, November 2-6, 1986, Paper S9. 6
Industry:Oil & gas
A process used to remove hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) from a gas stream. These components are removed because they can form acidic solutions when they contact water, which will cause corrosion problems in gas pipelines. <br><br>In a sweetening process, different types of ethanolamine can be used, including monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), diglycolamine (DGA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are absorbed by the ethanolamine and sweet gas leaves at the top of the absorber. <br><br>The ethanolamine is heated and acid gas (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gases) and water vapor are obtained. The water is removed while the acid gas can be flared or further treated in a sulfur recovery unit to separate out elemental sulfur. Finally, the lean ethanolamine is returned to the absorber.
Industry:Oil & gas
A procedure imposed during perforating operations in which radios at or near the wellsite are switched off to prevent accidental detonation of perforating guns. Radio silence is required for wireline operations when using a non-radio-safe detonator. It is typically imposed when rigging up perforating guns and until the guns have been run in the hole to 200 ft (61 m) below ground level or mud line. Radio silence is imposed again when retrieving the gun system as it passes the 200-ft mark. Radio silence must be maintained until it has been confirmed that all charges have been shot. This practice is not required when radio-safe detonators are used, but is common practice at many wellsites.
Industry:Oil & gas
A process or procedure used to interpret petrophysical (usually wireline log) data. Usually representing a set of equations, algorithms or other mathematical processes, petrophysical models often have multiple routines. For example, a deterministic model might include routines that:<ul><li>calculate the shale volume</li><li>calculate total porosity</li><li>calculate effective porosity</li><li>calculate water saturation</li><li>calculate permeability. </li></ul>Often, the model is calibrated using core, production, test and other data sets. Although many software packages contain ready-built petrophysical models or component routines that can be called upon, many log-analysis problems are unique and require that "built to purpose" models be constructed. Construction of new petrophysical models is normally driven by the data available and the nature of the problem to be solved.
Industry:Oil & gas
A procedure in which different chemicals are added to bottle samples of an emulsion to determine which chemical is the most effective at breaking, or separating, the emulsion into oil and water. Once an effective chemical is determined, varying amounts of it are added to bottle samples of the emulsion to determine the minimum amount required to break the emulsion effectively.
Industry:Oil & gas
A procedure that involves sampling gas and liquid at different points across the diameter of pipe to evaluate the degree of stratification at a specific location.
Industry:Oil & gas
