- 産業: Oil & gas
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The operation of squeezing a gunk plug into a zone of lost circulation. When spotted next to the zone, the annular blowout preventers are closed and pressure is applied by further pumping to force the gunk into the loss zone.
Industry:Oil & gas
The opening in the hull of a drillship or other offshore drilling vessel through which drilling equipment passes.
Industry:Oil & gas
The oil content of cuttings, normally expressed as grams of oil adsorbed per kilogram of dry cuttings. The value has been used as the basis for discharge regulations for oil-base muds in several operating areas.
Industry:Oil & gas
The noncombustible residue from the burning of pulverized coal. Fly ash is pozzolanic and is frequently used to replace a portion of the cement and reduce its density.
Industry:Oil & gas
The name given by API to the electrohygrometer method for testing oil mud and cuttings samples for water-phase activity, a<sub>w</sub>.
Industry:Oil & gas
The movement of water from one aqueous system to another through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic movement is driven by activity differences between the two systems and can be considered as a vapor-phase transfer. An oil mud acts as an osmotic system. Emulsion film surrounding each brine droplet in an oil mud acts as semipermeable osmotic membrane and allows water molecules to pass back and forth, but restricts ions and larger molecules. Clays in shale formations also are aqueous systems that interact by osmosis with oil-mud droplets.
Industry:Oil & gas
The molecular weight of an element, molecule or ion divided by its valence (or valence change for a redox reaction). For example, the molecular weight of calcium hydroxide, or "slaked lime," (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>) is 72. 10. Because the valency of calcium in this case is 2, the equivalent weight of lime is 36. 05. Mud analyses give concentrations in various units: ppm, mg/L, wt. % and epm. Mud engineers should recognize the meaning of epm and equivalent weight of a mud chemical.
Industry:Oil & gas
The mineral leonardite, similar to brown coal. Lignite is found in surface deposits worldwide. Lignite is mined and put into piles where it can oxidize in the air before it is dried, ground and bagged for use in drilling fluids. The humic acid content of lignite, which varies widely, controls its solubility. The soluble and colloidal lignite components both help in fluid-loss control. Soluble components serve as clay deflocculants and improve filter cake quality. Colloidal lignite helps plug off the permeable parts of filter cake. When straight lignite is added to a mud, caustic soda is also needed to make it dissolve. Precaustisized lignite is available, which contains NaOH or KOH already mixed. Adding chromium salts improves high-temperature performance, but their use is limited by HSE concerns. Organophilic lignite is a straight lignite that has been treated with quaternary amine compounds to make it oil dispersible in oil- and synthetic-base muds.
Industry:Oil & gas
The mineral form of lead sulfide, PbS, and the most common ore for lead smelting. In drilling muds, powdered galena has been used, although rarely, to construct extremely high density (kill-weight) muds by taking advantage of its 7. 5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> density.
Industry:Oil & gas
