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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
(1942 – 1999) African American singer and composer. Draw ing on gospel roots, his smooth Chicago, IL sound and social vision produced anthems of civil rights and social change in the 1960s, including “Keep on Pushing,” “People get Ready” and “This is My Country.” Mayfield’s work with the Impressions and as a solo artist also included romantic hits (“Gypsy Woman”) and the score for the movie Superfly (1972). After a career slowdown and a crippling accident in 1990, Mayfield was recognized nationally and globally for his powerful vision and impact in the 1990s.
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) A consummate actor whose roles have often explored the meaning of urban ethnic (Italian American) life in America, especially in collaboration with directors Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola. Repeatedly nominated for Academy Awards in recognition of his finely engraved portraits of small-time hoods, dreamers and losers, De Niro won Oscars for his work in The Godfather Part II (1974) and Raging Bull (1980).
He also created haunting, desperate characters in Mean Streets (1973), Taxi Driver (1976), The Deer Hunter (1978), True Confessions (1981), Kïng of Comedy (1983) and Cape Fear (1991), while showing an ability to laugh at this image in Analyze This (1999). He also directed A Bronx Tale (1993)
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) A former philosophy professor and chairperson for the National Endowment for the Humanities, Bennett was an outspoken public servant through his four years of work as US Secretary of Education under President Ronald Reagan. Known for his directness, he supported a limited role for federal government in education and vouchers for disadvantaged children to attend private schools. Under President George Bush, Bennett in 1989 became director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. He is also the author of several books that emphasize the importance of morals and values, as well as one of America’s best-known cultural conservatives.
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) Born Billie Jean Moffit, in Long Beach, California, King won six Wimbledon championships, four US Open titles, was ranked the no. 1 women’s tennis player in the world for five years and, through her struggle for gender equality, transformed women’s sports. Her 1973 match against the fifty-five-year-old Bobby Riggs, the so-called “Battle of the Sexes,” brought widespread attention to women athletes. King’s straight set trouncing at the Houston Astrodome, in circus-like conditions, drew an estimated television audience of 50 million. An inspiration to players like Martina Navratilova, King led in the formation of the Virginia Slims professional tennis tour, started a magazine (WomenSports) and established a women’s sports foundation.
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) Civil rights activist turned militant who succeeded Stokely Carmichael as the chairperson of SNCC in 1967. Brown continued to radicalize the organization, building on Carmichael’s call for Black Power and rejecting non-violence as a viable method of protest. Claiming that “violence is as American as apple pie,” he believed that the movement should respond in kind, and changed SNCC’s name to the Student National Coordinating Committee. Charged with carrying firearms across state lines, he skipped bail and was captured after a gun battle with police in 1972. In prison Brown adopted the Muslim faith and the name Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, and after parole from prison moved to Atlanta, where he later ran afoul of police.
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) Michael Cimino’s career exemplifies Hollywood hubris. Before age thirty Cimino coscripted the second “Dirty Harry” movie, Magnum Force (1973), starring Clint Eastwood, which examined the destructiveness of the Vietnam experience on four veteran cops. In 1978 Cimino directed and cowrote the moody, Vietnam-themed The Deer Hunter, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and gave Cimino the artistic and commercial freedom to direct his next project at the thenunheard of budget of $40 million. When Heaven’s Gate (1980) flopped, the historic film studio United Artists went bankrupt and Cimino’s promising career took a dive.
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) Newt Gingrich was elected Speaker of the US House of Representatives in 1995. His election capped a dramatic shift in American politics in which the Republican Party regained control of Congress for the first time in a generation. Gingrich is largely credited with formulating the “Contract with America,” a platform for conservative ideas such as support for welfare reform and cutting taxes, which became a Republican mantra.
Though named Time magazine’s 1995 Man of the Year, Gingrich found difficult the transition from opposition party member of Congress to congressional leader. Lacking the charisma of other politicians, Gingrich suffered from low ratings in national opinion polls. Weakened by a large fine for violations of ethics rules, he was almost removed from his leadership position in 1997, and then resigned a year later after the Republican Party’s poor showing in mid-term elections.
First elected to the Congress in 1978, Gingrich previously taught history at West Georgia College after receiving his PhD from Tulane University In his years before winning the Speakership, Gingrich was known for his effective use of television to reach Republican activists and rebuke the Democratic Party. His fierce partisanship earned him regular challengers to his seat in Congress from suburban Atlanta, GA. Gingrich’s enthusiasm for technological solutions to complex human problems earned him derision—for example his recommendation for giving poor people laptop computers as a way to improve their conditions. He is the author of four books, including To Renew America (1995) which lays out his political vision.
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) Playwright and actor. Shepard has written more than forty plays, generally produced offBroadway. These often explore family dynamics as well as the intersection of representation and reality in the West. He won a Pulitzer Prize for Buried Child (1979).
At the same time, Shepard has developed an active career both behind and in front of the movie camera, adapting his work as the screenplay for Wim Wender’s Paris, Texas, 1984, and bringing a lank, laconic presence to many Hollywood roles. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his depiction of Chuck Yaeger in The Right Stuff (l983).
Industry:Culture
(born 1943) United States army officer and central figure in the Iran-Contra affair. In nationally televised hearings before Congress in 1987, North admitted to selling arms to Iran in exchange for help in securing the release of US hostages in the Middle East. He also diverted arms sales’ profits to anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua. North defended his actions in the name of patriotism, both capitalizing on and fueling the country’s jingoistic mood at the time. North was convicted on federal charges for his activities, but the verdicts were later overturned. In 1994 he made a failed bid for the US Senate in Virginia.
Industry:Culture
(1943 – 1993) Eight years after being turned away from the Richmond City Tennis Tournament in 1955 because of his race, Ashe became the first African American on the US Davis Cup team, where he remained for fifteen years. His two Grand Slam triumphs included the 1968 US Open at Forest Hills and the 1975 Wimbledon tournament.
Ashe’s dominance in tennis was limited by his commitment to social and political issues off the court. In 1973 Ashe was allowed into South Africa to play in its Open tournament, but received criticism from the African National Congress. Later, he became an outspoken critic of the South African government, and in 1985 was arrested at a protest rally against apartheid in Washington, DC. He was also arrested while protesting the Bush administration’s treatment of Haitian refugees. Other public work included support for the NCAA’s introduction of minimum requirements for college athletes (Proposition 48).
Ashe’s playing career ended in 1979 because of heart problems. After by-pass surgery in 1983, he contracted AIDS from a blood transfusion. After his death, ironically controversy arose as citizens and the city administration moved to place a memorial statue on Monument Row in Richmond, Virginia which had generally honored white Confederate heroes.
Industry:Culture
