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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
Mario Matthew Cuomo, (June 15, 1932 – January 1, 2015) was an American politician and the Democratic governor of the State of New York from 1983 to 1994. An unapologetic liberal, Cuomo’s fiery keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic Nominating Convention earned him a national reputation as an eloquent critic of the Reagan administration. A skilled orator in an age when ideological battles were waged in television soundbites, he was a consistent voice of dissent against political trends such as welfare reform in the 1990s. He flirted with presidential runs in 1988 and 1992, but ultimately confined his political aspirations to New York, losing his bid for a fourth term to Republican George Pataki in 1994. He died of natural causes due to heart failure in Manhattan, New York City on New Year's Day, 2015.
Industry:Culture
(born 1932) Gregory’s acid racial observations made an early crossover breakthrough in American comedy in 1961 via the Playboy Club and late-night television. Yet his celebrity converged with his growing commitments to the civil-rights struggle, as an entertainer and colleague of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Adopting King’s non-violence, Gregory extended his protests to include fasts against the Vietnam War and support for Native Americans. Since the 1970s, he has also been occupied with problems of hunger in America and the world. His 1964 autobiography Nïgger, remains an intriguing memoir of maturing in a racist America.
Industry:Culture
(born 1932) Updike is one of an increasingly rare number of American twentieth-century writers who manages to combine some degree of popular success with serious critical attention.
Although also an accomplished essayist and a poet, his fame primarily derives from his work as a novelist. One of his most successful fictional creations was former highschool basketball star and small-town businessman Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom, the hero of four different novels. Congenitally unfaithful and proudly unreflective, difficult to truly dislike in his essential innocence, Rabbit often seemed to personify Updike’s notion of America in the last decades of the twentieth century. While sometimes criticized for too narrow a focus, at his best Updike uses his considerable lyrical gifts to fashion a complex anthropological picture of a large segment of America—suburban. white, upper middle class and Protestant—coming to grips with the possibility of its decline.
Industry:Culture
(1932 – 1963) American meteor: Plath won a Mademoiselle short-fiction prize, graduated from Smith, studied at Cambridge, married late Poet Laureate Ted Hughes and published vital, smart, musical poems (The Colossus) and an autobiographical novel about a brilliant, unstable young female writer, The Bell Jar (1971). American martyr: separated (with two children), furiously productive (two to three poems a day at the end), fiercely despondent, Plath committed suicide at thirty-one. Hughes edited the angry posthumous Ariel (1965) and critics cite conflict of interest. In America, her tragedy supersedes her work; readers will eventually acknowledge that the poems suffice.
Industry:Culture
(born 1933) Elected governor of California in 1990 and reelected in 1994, Wilson supported tough welfare reform and anti-crime measures. He gained national attention in 1994 with his backing of Proposition 187, a California referendum approved by the state’s voters that prohibited illegal immigrants from receiving public education and other social services. Wilson also opposed affirmative action. He supported a successful 1996 California initiative, Proposition 209, that banned racial and gender preferences in state and local public programs, including college admissions. Wilson was mayor of San Diego from 1971 until 1983, when he became a United States senator.
Industry:Culture
(born 1933) In 1962 Meredith enrolled at the University of Mississippi, having had his application turned down the previous year. Governor Ross Barnett, however, defied federal courts and barred his entry to the college, triggering riots. President John Kennedy intervened, dispatching Army troops and federalizing the National Guard, forcing Barnett to back down. Four years later Meredith undertook a march from Memphis to Jackson to persuade African Americans to register to vote. On the second day of the march he was ambushed and wounded by a white man. The major civilrights organizations, SCLC, CORE, NAACP and SNCC determined to continue the march. On this march, Stokely Carmichael, newly appointed head of SNCC, turned the rhetoric towards Black Power.
Industry:Culture
(born 1933) Jewish American novelist, whose novels have focused primarily on the experiences of being a person who has grown up middle class, male and Jewish in the early 1950s. His first publication was the novella and short stories Goodbye, Columbus (1959). Ten years later he published his most notorious work, Portnoy’s Complaint (1969), which found the central character seeking relief from insecurity through masturbation and sex with shiksas. The series of Zuckerman novels followed (My Life as a Man, The Ghost Writer, Zuckerman Unbound, The Anatomy Lesson and The Counterlife).
Industry:Culture
(born 1933) Louis Walcott grew up in Boston, MA where he became an accomplished musician, playing in the city’s nightclubs. In 1955 he was recruited by Malcolm X for the Nation of Islam, and became Louis X (referred to in Malcolm X’s Autobiography (1965)). He was given the name Farrakhan by Elijah Muhammad about the same time that he replaced Malcolm as head of the Black Muslim Temple in Harlem, New York and as national spokesman for the organization. Three years after not being picked to succeed Elijah Muhammad on his death in 1975, Farrakhan broke with Wallace Muhammad and established his own Nation of Islam, which he said was the legitimate successor to the earlier organization. Unlike Muhammad, Farrakhan has engaged in politics extensively supporting Jesse Jackson for president in 1984, taking positions in international affairs supporting Libya’s Khadafi and making a series of widely reported anti-Semitic remarks.
His influence extends beyond the Nation of Islam, as shown in his organization of the 1996 Million Man March in Washington, DC.
Industry:Culture
(born 1933) Nationally known for an unsuccessful 1988 bid for the presidency, Michael S. Dukakis had a varied political career that spanned thirty years. A lawyer by training, Dukakis graduated with honors from Harvard University’s law school in 1960. In 1962 he won a seat in the Massachusetts state legislature. Other political posts he held ranged from Brooklyn, Massachusetts town meeting representative to governor of Massachusetts. As governor, he served three terms before winning the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988. A Greek American, born in Brooklyn, Dukakis and Andrew Jackson are the only two presidential nominees whose parents were both immigrants.
Industry:Culture
(born 1933) One of the leading music and television producers of the 1980s and 1990s, as well as one of America’s leading black entrepreneurs. Jones studied jazz as a trumpeter and began arranging some of the jazz greats in the 1950s. Known as Q, he began his foray into film with the soundtrack for The Pawnbroker (1965), the same year he won his first Grammy for Count Basie’s “I Can’t Stop Loving You.” He owns Qwest Records and a television production company while also producing in Hollywood. At the same time, he continues to be influential in the music industry advancing the career of numerous rap artists, including Ice T and Big Daddy Kane.
Industry:Culture
