- 産業: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The forested region that adjoins the tundra along the arctic tree line. It has two main divisions: its northern portion is a belt of taiga or boreal woodland; its southern portion is a belt of true forest, mainly conifers but with some hardwoods. On its southern boundary the boreal forest passes into “mixed forest” or “parkland,” prairie, or steppe, depending on the rainfall.
Industry:Weather
The flow field in an atmospheric model used as a background state for analyzing the evolution of small amplitude perturbations in accordance with the linear dynamics of the model.
Industry:Weather
The energy required to break a given chemical bond in a molecule, corresponding to the energy to separate the fragments to an infinite distance. For example, the oxygen–oxygen bond strength in ozone is defined as the difference in energy between the ozone molecule and O and O2 fragments formed from the bond rupture.
Industry:Weather
The establishment and operation of a designed surveillance system for continuous or periodic measurements and recording of existing and changing conditions that will be compared with future observations.
Industry:Weather
The ensemble of phenomena associated with the annual disappearance of an ice cover on inland and coastal waters due to meteorologic (temperature, wind) and hydrologic (waves, currents, tides) factors.
Industry:Weather
The empirical constant of proportionality in a bulk transfer law. The bulk transfer coefficient for momentum is usually called the drag coefficient.
Industry:Weather
The eastern part of the subpolar gyre in the deep (western) part of the Bering Sea. Currents in this gyre are weak (0. 1–0. 2 m s−1) but reach to the ocean floor and are associated with eddy formation at oceanic ridges. A southward countercurrent with maximum speeds of 0. 25 m s−1 near a depth of 150 m exists between the shelf and the northward-flowing Bering Slope Current, indicating its character as the eastern boundary current of a subpolar gyre.
Industry:Weather
The eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. It transports 20–25 Sv (20–25 × 106 m3s−1) northward along the coast of Namibia with speeds of about 0. 2 m s−1, gradually leaving the coast between 30° and 25°S. As an eastern boundary current, the Benguela Current is associated with strong coastal upwelling that reaches as far north as 18°S. The upwelling is strongest in spring and summer (October–February) when the trade winds are steady; during winter (July–September) it extends northward but becomes intermittent because the trades are interrupted by passing low pressure systems.
Industry:Weather
The drift of a tropical cyclone through the large-scale average layer-mean background wind in which it is embedded. The drift is caused by the advection of the background potential vorticity field by the storm circulation. In the simplest case, the background potential vorticity gradient is simply the meridional gradient of the Coriolis parameter, β, from which the term gets its name. Beta drift generally causes tropical cyclones to move poleward and westward relative to the motion they would have if the background potential vorticity field were unperturbed by the storms. This drift speed is generally around 1–2 m s−1.
Industry:Weather
