- 産業: Printing & publishing
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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
Staple of the Southern Sunday dinner table for both blacks and whites which is served with corn bread, potatoes, gravy boiled greens with fatback, iced tea and followed by rich pies. Recipes vary between regions and families, often incorporating differences in coating (flour, breadcrumbs, batter) and seasoning (cinnamon, red pepper, etc.). While attacked for unhealthy fat (and dehumanizing processing) and denatured in fast-food chains worldwide, fried chicken remains a symbol and delight of the South.
Industry:Culture
The bowl games are the climax to the college football season. Begun with the Rose Bowl (Pasadena), dating back to 1902, many bowl games were created by boosters in Southern cities wishing to attract tourists and investors. Once television networks began to purchase the rights to games for millions of dollars, they became very lucrative for the colleges represented. Each bowl committee (sugar, orange, sun, cotton, etc.) invites two teams to play according to their college conference records. Many sports analysts consider this an inadequate season finale as seldom do the two best teams have a showdown. The frequent cases of competing claims to the national championship have increased the clamor for a tournament, as in college basketball, that would produce a final four and an undisputed champion.
Industry:Culture
Traditionally associated with war, civil disturbance and disaster, curfews have kept Americans in their houses during natural disasters and riots. In the 1990s, cities also used them to control teenage violence and victimization. Chicago, IL enacted a 10:30 weekday curfew for those under sixteen in 1955; most cities over 100,000 subsequently have added restrictions, including daytime curfews. Anchorage, Alaska, arrested on average 100 teens per month for violations of a 1996 rule requiring those under eighteen to be home by 23:00 unless permitted by parents or required by religion or work.
Teenagers, however, have successfully sued these ordinances as violations of 1st Amendment rights.
Industry:Culture
The term “feminism” first came into use in the 1910s to describe an emerging movement committed to mobilizing women as a distinct social group and eliminating social hierarchies between men and women. As contemporary feminist Naomi Wolf succinctly puts it: “Feminism can be defined as women’s ability to think about their subjugated role in history, and then to do something about it.” But feminism has had a fragile hold on women’s consciousness in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, achieving great strides towards gender equality and then receding, only to re-emerge once the modest gains already achieved start to slip.
The leaders of the first wave of feminism in America were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony whose work eventually helped women gain the right to vote in 1920 with the enactment of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. Feminism then disappeared from the American scene for several decades, giving way to a “postfeminist” period in which the earlier suffragists were decried as “man-haters” out of touch with the needs of contemporary women. But feminism re-emerged in the 1960s, more influential than ever. It is this second wave of feminism, roughly starting with the publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique in 1963 and ending with the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1982, which epitomizes modern American feminism.
Gloria Steinem, the founder of Ms Magazine, and Friedan, are widely viewed as the leaders and icons of this movement. With the Civil Rights movement providing an inspirational backdrop, Friedan’s fledgling group, the National Organization for Women (NOW), advocated for abortion and reproductive rights, equal opportunities in the workplace and at school, and passage of an Equal Rights Amendment to the US Constitution. Women got all but the latter. In 1973 the Supreme Court affirmed a woman’s right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it was declared unlawful for employers to discriminate on the basis of sex. By 1986 the US Supreme Court had interpreted this provision to include a claim for sexual harassment as well. In 1972 Congress passed Title IX, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded educational program or activity.
But, with the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment, followed by Geraldine Ferraro’s failed vice-presidential bid in 1984, the golden age of American feminism came to an end. Feminism again lay dormant with the coming of another so-called “post-feminist” era. A Time/ CNN poll found that only 33 percent of women were willing to call themselves “feminists,” and only 16 percent of them were college-aged. College-age women in the 1980s (who had not participated in the women’s movement of the 1960s and 1970s, but had nonetheless benefited from gains made during that time) forgot, or never knew, that the struggle for the vote took over seventy years, that abortions had not always been legal in America, or that in their mothers’ lifetimes women could not obtain credit on their own. They wrongly believed that sex discrimination was a thing of the past. The repercussions for women were serious: without an active feminist movement, there was decreased access to abortions, abortionclinic violence and limited funding and public support for rape-crisis centers, women’s health facilities and battered women’s shelters.
Then, in 1991, two events converged to revitalize the movement: the publication of Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Susan Faludi’s Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (1991) and the confirmation hearing of future US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, at which his former colleague Anita Hill testified that he had sexually harassed her at work. Backlash in particular, which documented a “powerful counter-assault on women’s rights” and an intense societal resistance to the modest advances towards gender equality achieved by the women’s movement, provided a clarion call to widespread action.
This wake-up call resulted in a “third wave” of feminism in the 1990s. This third wave did not reflect a single monolithic view of the appropriate path to gender equality.
Instead, it encompassed many disparate strands of thought, such as liberal feminism, difference feminism, radical feminism and critical feminist theory. Feminism also blended with more traditional legal, political and film theories to provide a broad, multidisciplinary perspective on women’s status in society.
Industry:Culture
There was little immigration from Korea before the Korean War (1950–3), but numbers increased with the arrival of military wives and adopted orphans. Between new immigration laws in 1965 and 1990, however, the Korean American population increased from 45,000 to 800,000, becoming the third-largest Asian American immigrant group, after the Chinese Americans and the Filipinos. Moreover, by 1980, 81.9 percent of the community was foreign-born, many having fled the unstable economic and political climate in South Korea in the 1960s and 1970s.
While there are large Korean settlements in Los Angeles, CA, Queens (New York City, NY) and Philadelphia, PA, Korean Americans are scattered in many major cities across the country including southern states, like Texas and Virginia. Many are highly educated, including nurses, scientists and professionals.
Korean Americans are most visible to mainstream Americans as small-business owners in small grocers, liquor stores or laundries from Manhattan to South Central Los Angeles.
With limited capital from pooled resources, many immigrants took over stores in economically depressed areas. Their recent immigration and lack of neighborhood ties coupled with an image of exclusionary success fueled widely publicized conflicts between African Americans and Korean Americans in the media, especially following the 1992 Los Angeles riots where many Korean-owned stores were destroyed. Films like Do the Right Thing (1989) and Falling Down (1993) have perpetuated stereotypes of hard-working, yet selfish Korean store-owners. Both Koreans and African Americans are now trying to solve these issues.
Korean Americans are the most Christian of the Asian Americans, even prior to immigration, with over 50 percent of the national population Christian. Korean American churches can be found throughout the US, linking them to American civic culture in ways that are different from Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. Indeed, Korean Americans in economics, education and participation embody the American dream, which has exacerbated the tensions with those native-born Americans who have seen its promises crumbling.
Industry:Culture
Though child abuse has always existed, it was not until the 1960s that it became the subject of widespread public concern in the US. Drawing attention to the “Battered Child Syndrome,” medical professionals documented deliberate, repeated physical abuse of children by their parents. Today newspaper headlines and television broadcasts regularly expose cases of brutality that continue to evoke shock and horror. Over 3 million reports of suspected child abuse or neglect were made in 1996. Many cases are never even reported. Between 1990 and 1994, approximately 5,400 children died from abuse or neglect.
Early theories of child abuse were psychological, focusing exclusively on parental pathology. Present explanations are more complex, viewing child abuse as the product of multiple factors, including sociological elements, cultural norms and also characteristics of the parent, child and family. In a multicultural society it is difficult to define child abuse; what some consider to be abuse, others see as acceptable discipline. Currently for example, many debate whether corporal punishment is abuse.
Federal law defines child abuse broadly as “physical or mental injury sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of any child under the age of eighteen” by a parent or caretaker. Broad definitions leave child welfare workers with considerable discretion and the difficult task of balancing the sometimes conflicting goals of protecting children and keeping families together.
Industry:Culture
The Wall Street Journal is an American English-language international daily newspaper that specializes in fanance, business and economic news.
Industry:Culture
The first wave of Greek immigrants arrived in the United States in the 1890s, settling mainly in cities along the east coast. There are no exact statistics, but it has been estimated that between 1890 and 1930 some 450,000 Greeks had emigrated to the United States; more than 200,000 of them returned to Greece, however, either as volunteers during the First World War or because of the Great Depression in the States, and many more because they felt that they were not welcome in the United States.
The second phase of Greek immigration was between 1946 and 1960, following the end of the Second World War and the civil war, that left Greece in ruins. Most of the new immigrants came to the States for economic reasons and some as displaced persons. The third and final phase began in 1966 when the immigration laws were liberalized. It has been estimated that between 1945 and 1980 some 250,000 Greeks emigrated to the United States.
No accurate statistics exist, but, according to the 1990 census, in addition to those of immigrant status there are 1,110,373 Americans of Greek ancestry and there are nearly 400,000 whose mother tongue is Greek. All in all there may be close to 2 million Americans with Greek roots, most of them living in major cities throughout the United States.
While the early immigrants engaged in small business, including restaurants, newspaper parlors, dry-goods stores, shoemakers, tailor shops, grocery stores and bakeries, their descendants have turned to education, the sciences and professions. Thus today there are some 5,000 educators, college and university professors, including administrators of major universities, many physicians and lawyers, and many more in finance and business administration, including chief executives who served or serve major corporations such as Dow Chemical, Mobil Oil, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Thermo Electron, American Standard, Conoco, Boston Scientific, International Paper and Giant Foods—to mention just a few ranked by Forbes magazine.
Another major trend among Greek Americans of the second and third generation is interest in politics and civil service. In the last quarter of the twentieth century Americans have seen a vice-president (Spiro Agnew), presidential candidates (Michael Dukakis and Paul Tsongas), members of a president’s Cabinet (Peter Peterson) and advisers (George Stephanopoulos), several senators and members of Congress (Brademas, Sarbanes, Tsongas, Olympia Snow, Yatron, Gikas, Billirakis, Pappas, Galifianakis) of Greek origin.
Even though Greek names are easily recognizable, there are many Greek Americans who have shortened or changed their names for business or professional reasons (Anagnostopoulos=Agnew; Petropoulos =Peterson; Kyriazdis=Kress; Makris=Long; Papanikolaou=Paps). Today one finds Greek Americans in every profession, including radio, television, publishing, athletics and more.
In addition to local and state Greek American organizations such as the Pan-Macedonian, Cretan, Peloponnesian and Thessalian societies, Greek American concerns are voiced through several national organizations such as the American Hellenic Institute, the World Council of Hellenes Abroad and the American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA).
Over the course of seventy-five years, the Greek American community has gone through transitions, adaptations and acculturations. Nevertheless, they maintain a strong consciousness of the contributions and value of their historic heritage. Recent sociological studies indicate that Greek Americans “statistically possess the highest degree of academic achievement, i.e., education and degrees, of any ethnic group in the United States.” See also: Greek Orthodox.
Industry:Culture
Through three successive generations, the Forbes family has sustained a financial publishing enterprise around the popular Forbes magazine. Millionaire Malcolm S. Forbes Sr., known as much for his flamboyant lifestyle as for his publishing prowess, built the magazine his father had founded in 1917 into an enduring symbol of wealth and excess, with features such as the annual list of the world’s richest people. The Forbes’ influence has also extended to electoral politics. Malcolm Sr. was a New Jersey State senator and ran unsuccessfully for governor. Malcolm (Steve) Jr. made a failed bid for the 1996 Republican presidential nomination, building his candidacy around demands for tax reform. He was an unsuccessful candidate again in the 2000 primaries, despite notable spending.
Industry:Culture
State-run system to place children from abusive or otherwise damaging homes in temporary substitute care, usually through licensed families. The fostercare system, once seen as a partial substitute for adoption as well as a means of protecting children, has been accused of neglect in regulation and reliance on financial incentives to foster parents, resulting in cases of crowding, insecurity and sometimes abuse from foster parents which turns already troubled children into potential drop-outs, homeless children, runaways or criminals. Nonetheless, roughly 500,000 children pass some time in foster care each year while reforms move slowly ahead.
Industry:Culture
